Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2025
Continuously-stirred Anaerobic Digester to Convert Organic Wastes into Biogas: System Setup and Basic Operation
Published on: July 13, 2012
Critical review on on-site sanitation technologies: Typologies, treatment and transition towards circular economy
Aakash Patwa1, Amit Kumar1, Ritesh Vijay1
1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; CSIR- National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India.
Abstract:
Around 4.2 billion people globally depend on on-site sanitation systems, with 43% relying on basic or unsafe facilities with key challenges of containment, emptying, transport, treatment and resource recovery from faecal sludge. This review paper critically examines faecal sludge characteristics and treatment technologies in terms of urine diversion capability, land requirements and capital as well as operational expenditure based on Indian and international practices. Apart from these, the review also provides reuse-recycle of processed manure, treated effluent and bio-energy from faecal sludge to create environmental and economic benefits. The review also highlights future research on the development of nature-based solutions for solid-liquid separation and treatment, low footprints and on-site treatment for fostering a circular economy. Ultimately this review emphasizes the importance of advancing faecal sludge management to address global sanitation challenges and to create sustainable solutions for environmental protection.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Environmental Applications of Microorganisms
00:46Bioremediation
01:30Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...