Peeking into the future: inferring mechanics in dynamical tissues

Cells exert forces on each other and their environment, shaping the tissue. The resulting mechanical stresses can be determined experimentally or estimated computationally using stress inference methods. Over the years, mechanical stress inference has become a non-invasive, low-cost computational method for estimating the relative intercellular stresses and intracellular pressures of tissues. This mini-review introduces and compares the static and dynamic modalities of stress inference, considering their advantages and limitations. To date, most software has focused on static inference, which requires only a single microscopy image as input. Although applicable in quasi-equilibrium states, this approach neglects the influence that cell rearrangements might have on the inference. In contrast, dynamic stress inference relies on a time series of microscopy images to estimate stresses and pressures. Here, we discuss both static and dynamic mechanical stress inference in terms of their physical, mathematical, and computational foundations and then outline what we believe are promising avenues for in silico inference of the mechanical states of tissues.