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Melanisation in Salmonid Skeletal Muscle: A Review.

Håvard Bjørgen¹, Espen Rimstad², Erling Olaf Koppang¹

¹Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.

Journal of Fish Diseases

|December 11, 2024

Summary

Melanised focal changes, or black spots, in Atlantic salmon are linked to fat necrosis and inflammation. Factors like diet and environment influence these fish muscle lesions, impacting fillet quality.

Keywords:

chronic inflammation fat necrosis granuloma inflammation melanin tyrosinase

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Area of Science:

Aquatic Animal Health
Fish Pathology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Melanisation in fish musculature, specifically 'black spots' in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is a significant issue in aquaculture.
These lesions are characterized by focal haemorrhages ('red spots') that progress to melanised focal changes (MFCs) involving necrotic cells and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of melanisation in fish skeletal muscle.
To focus on the aetiology, development, and influencing factors of melanised focal changes (MFCs) in Atlantic salmon.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing research on fish muscle melanisation.
Analysis of pathological progression from acute haemorrhages to chronic inflammatory responses.

Main Results:

MFCs develop from initial focal haemorrhages, progressing through stages of necrosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and melano-macrophage aggregation.
Lesion severity is associated with piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV 1) replication in immune cells within granulomas.
Feed lipid composition, antioxidative properties, and physiological/environmental factors influence lesion development.

Conclusions:

Fat necrosis plays a key role in the development of black spots in Atlantic salmon.
While PRV 1 is associated with lesion severity, genetic factors are not supported by current data.
Dietary and environmental management are crucial for mitigating melanisation issues in farmed salmon.