Neuro-immune regulation in allergic Diseases: Role of neuropeptides

The role of neuro-immune interaction in allergic diseases, a group of common immune system diseases, has garnered increasing attention. Neuropeptides, as a crucial component of neuro-immune crosstalk with local neuroendocrine and signaling functions, play a significant role that must not be overlooked. Neuropeptides are released by neurons and even some immune cells, and mediate neuro-immune crosstalk by activating relevant specific receptors on immune cells. Recent studies have found that neuropeptides have a certain regulatory effect on allergic diseases, which could be beneficial or detrimental for the development of allergic diseases. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of neuropeptides in allergic diseases remains unclear, particularly in the context of food allergy where their role is poorly understood. This review summarized the interplay between neuropeptides and different immune cells, as well as their current research progress in several common allergic diseases: atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and food allergy. It is evident that neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and neuromedin U, exert important regulatory effects on allergic diseases, yet further investigation is required to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action, which may contribute to better understanding of the onset and progression of allergic diseases and finding better immunomodulatory strategies.