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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

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Risk Factors for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Among US Veterans, 1990-2022.

Gina Oda¹, Cynthia Lucero-Obusan¹, Patricia Schirmer¹

¹US Department of Veterans Affairs, Public Health National Program Office, Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, California, USA.

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

|December 16, 2024

Summary

US veterans with active tuberculosis face risks for extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Non-Hispanic Black race, diabetes, HIV, kidney disease, and early mortality are key risk factors for EPTB.

Keywords:

Mycobacterial infection epidemiology extrapulmonary tuberculosis racial disparity veterans’ health

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) presents diagnostic and treatment complexities.
Identifying risk factors for EPTB is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in US veterans.
To compare risk factors for EPTB versus pulmonary tuberculosis in this population.

Main Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of US veterans with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis (1990-2022).
Multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine associations between risk factors and EPTB.
Analysis included demographic data and clinical variables.

Main Results:

19% of 7493 veterans had EPTB; pleural TB was most common.
Independent risk factors for EPTB included non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity, diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, and severe kidney disease.
90-day mortality was highest with tuberculous meningitis.

Conclusions:

Several key risk factors for EPTB in US veterans were identified.
Healthcare providers need education on recognizing at-risk populations for EPTB.
Early diagnosis and treatment of EPTB are vital to prevent severe outcomes.