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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
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Kidney consequences of obesity.

Edward Nehus1,2, Mark Mitsnefes3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Campus, Charleston, WV, 25314, USA. edward.nehus@camc.org.

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|December 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The global obesity epidemic severely impacts kidney health, causing obesity-related kidney disease (ORKD). Understanding its pathophysiology and exploring prevention and treatment are crucial for the nephrology community.

Keywords:
Adipokine dysregulationBariatric surgeryLipotoxicityObesity-related glomerulopathyObesity-related kidney disease

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Public Health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The worldwide obesity epidemic presents a significant public health crisis.
  • Kidney health is severely impacted by obesity, leading to obesity-related kidney disease (ORKD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the consequences of the obesity epidemic on kidney health.
  • To highlight breakthroughs in understanding obesity-related kidney disease (ORKD).

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of obesity and ORKD.
  • Detailed summary of ORKD pathophysiology.
  • Discussion of prevention and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • ORKD arises from a maladaptive response to caloric surplus.
  • Pathways include hemodynamic (hyperfiltration), hormonal (adipokine dysregulation), and lipotoxic mechanisms.
  • Mitochondrial oxidative damage is identified as a key cellular injury stage.

Conclusions:

  • ORKD is a critical issue for nephrology.
  • Future research should focus on early recognition and improved treatment of ORKD.