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Physical One-Way Functions for Decentralized Consensus Via Proof of Physical Work.

Marvin Winkler1, Catharina Peither1, Simon Petrick2,3

  • 1Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics (MVM), KIT, Strasse am Forum 8, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.

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This study introduces a physical one-way function to replace energy-intensive proof of work in Bitcoin consensus. This innovation promises a significantly lower carbon footprint for decentralized systems.

Keywords:
cryptographydecentralized consensusphysical one‐way functionproof of work

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Area of Science:

  • Cryptography and Blockchain Technology
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Decentralized consensus mechanisms like Bitcoin's proof of work rely on digital one-way functions.
  • Current proof of work systems have a substantial environmental impact due to high electricity consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptualize and investigate a physical one-way function as an alternative to digital consensus mechanisms.
  • To explore the feasibility of reducing the environmental footprint of blockchain technology.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptualization of a physical one-way function.
  • Experimental investigation using a setup based on printing and optical analysis of pigment-carrier composites.
  • Analysis of security requirements including unclonability, steadiness, reproducibility, collision resistance, and non-invertibility.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of a physical one-way function.
  • The experimental setup exhibited properties such as mathematical unclonability and non-invertibility.
  • Established boundary conditions for security requirements in a physical context.

Conclusions:

  • A physical one-way function offers a potential pathway to drastically lower CO2 footprints for consensus mechanisms.
  • This research initiates an interdisciplinary field exploring physical processes for blockchain consensus.
  • Further research is needed on alternative setups, security definitions, and adversarial strategies.