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Related Experiment Videos

Lower-extremity rotational problems in children. Normal values to guide management.

L T Staheli, M Corbett, C Wyss

    The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
    |January 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study establishes normal rotational profile values for lower extremities in children and adults. Most rotational variations, like out-toeing or tibial torsion, are normal developmental variations requiring no treatment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Pediatric Orthopedics
    • Developmental Biology

    Background:

    • Fetal positioning influences lower limb development, causing lateral femoral and medial tibial rotation.
    • These intrauterine molding effects typically resolve during infancy.
    • Genetically determined variations in limb rotation become apparent after infancy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish normative data for the rotational profile of the lower extremities in children and adults.
    • To provide reference values for clinical evaluation of rotational variations.
    • To differentiate normal developmental variations from clinically significant rotational problems.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of lower extremity rotational profiles in 1,000 normal subjects.
    • Inclusion of both pediatric and adult populations.

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  • Establishment of normal ranges for femoral and tibial rotation.

    • Main Results:

    • Normal values for the rotational profile of the lower extremities were established.
    • Out-toeing in infants, medial tibial torsion in toddlers, and medial femoral torsion in young children represent extremes of a normal developmental pattern.
    • The vast majority of these rotational variations fall within the normal range and do not necessitate treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides essential normative data for assessing lower limb rotational profiles.
    • Clinicians should compare patient findings to these established normal values.
    • Most common rotational variations in children are benign developmental variations and do not require intervention.