Redefining Therapeutic Approaches in Colorectal Cancer: Targeting Molecular Pathways and Overcoming Resistance

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Genetics

Background:

• Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is driven by complex genetic and epigenetic alterations.
• Key molecular pathways critically influence tumor growth, progression, and treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review major molecular pathways implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC).
• To discuss the role of genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in CRC tumorigenesis.
• To explore targeted therapies and resistance mechanisms in CRC treatment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of major molecular pathways in CRC.
• Analysis of key genetic mutations (APC, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, TP53) and their associated signaling pathways (Wnt, EGFR, PI3K/AKT).
• Examination of Chromosomal Instability (CIN), Microsatellite Instability (MSI), and CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP).

Main Results:

• Genetic and epigenetic alterations activate critical signaling pathways driving CRC.
• Mutations in key genes contribute to tumorigenesis and impact targeted therapy efficacy.
• Mechanisms of therapeutic resistance, including bypass mutations, pose significant challenges.

Conclusions:

• Molecular profiling is essential for guiding personalized targeted therapies in CRC.
• Novel combination treatments offer strategies to enhance efficacy and overcome resistance.
• A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms is crucial for improving CRC patient prognosis.