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Indoxyl Sulfate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review
Zoë R Hill1, Christina K Flynn2, James B Adams2
1Barrett, The Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 17, 2024
Summary
Indoxyl sulfate, a bacterial toxin, is elevated in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This finding suggests a potential link between this toxin and ASD core and comorbid symptoms.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Microbiology
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Indoxyl sulfate is a bacterially derived metabolite with known toxic effects.
- Elevated indoxyl sulfate is linked to various health conditions, including chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease, and mood disorders.
- This metabolite is produced from tryptophan and is associated with decreased neurotransmitter levels.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current understanding of indoxyl sulfate in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
- To investigate the association between indoxyl sulfate levels and ASD, including its core and comorbid symptoms.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review of existing studies was conducted.
- Six studies examining indoxyl sulfate levels in children with ASD were identified and analyzed.
Main Results:
- All six reviewed studies reported significantly elevated urinary indoxyl sulfate levels in children with ASD compared to typically developing children.
- Indoxyl sulfate was identified as a toxic metabolite significantly increased in a subset of children with ASD.
Conclusions:
- Indoxyl sulfate is a potential contributing factor to both core and comorbid symptoms in autism spectrum disorder.
- Further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic potential of targeting indoxyl sulfate in ASD management.
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