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Carla Ancona1, Paola Michelozzi1

  • 1Dipartimento di epidemiologia del Ssr del Lazio, Asl Roma 1.

Recenti Progressi in Medicina
|December 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Air pollution, including fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), poses a global health risk, with over 90% of people breathing contaminated air. Interregional collaboration is crucial for effective air quality management and public health protection across borders.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health Policy
  • Climate Change Science

Background:

  • Over 90% of the global population is exposed to air pollutants like PM 2.5, PM 10, ozone, and NO2, significantly impacting public health and the environment.
  • Air pollution and climate change are interconnected; pollutants like ozone and particulate matter exacerbate the climate crisis.
  • In Italy (2016-2019), 72,083 deaths were linked to PM 2.5 levels exceeding WHO guidelines, with the Po Valley and metropolitan areas most affected.

Discussion:

  • Air pollutants transcend geographical and political boundaries, necessitating regional air quality plans and interregional collaboration to mitigate health disparities.
  • The European Environment Agency reports that only 13 out of 370 monitored European cities meet WHO's 2021 PM 2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m3.
  • Climate change intensifies air pollution through increased ozone, particulate matter from fires, and altered weather patterns affecting pollutant dispersion.

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Key Insights:

  • Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) penetrates deep into the body, causing inflammation and increasing risks of respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological diseases, diabetes, and cancers.
  • Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and low-income communities, disproportionately suffer from air pollution's adverse health effects.
  • New WHO air quality guidelines (2021) and the revised EU Air Quality Directive set stricter limits for pollutants, aligning with scientific evidence of health impacts at lower concentrations.

Outlook:

  • Regional air quality plans must be coordinated through interregional cooperation to ensure consistent air quality and public health protection nationwide.
  • Integrating air pollution reduction strategies with climate change mitigation efforts offers long-term benefits for public health and environmental sustainability.
  • The Italian Network for Environment and Health (Rias) promotes an integrated approach, fostering collaboration between health and environmental agencies to address environmental risks.