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Updated: Jun 4, 2025
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Association of Cognitive Symptoms and Abnormal Oculomotor Signs With Recovery in Adolescents After Sport-Related
Christopher J Stavisky1, Jeffrey C Miecznikowski2, Mohammad N Haider3
1Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
Objective:
Sport-related concussion (SRC) affects cognitive and oculomotor function. We evaluated recovery from SRC in athletes with cognitive symptoms and/or oculomotor impairments who were prescribed early aerobic exercise treatment.
Design:
Secondary exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial.
Setting:
Outpatient sports medicine clinics.
Participants:
Male and female adolescents (13-18 years) within 10 days of SRC who were prescribed aerobic exercise and who reported either a low (<12 points) or high (≥12 points) burden of cognitive symptom scores on the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory at initial assessment.
Interventions:
Early aerobic exercise treatment.
Main Outcome Measures:
Recovery time and incidence of persisting postconcussive symptoms beyond 1 month.
Results:
Adolescents with a high burden of cognitive symptoms (n = 24, 16.0 ± 1.3 years old, 50% male, 5.3 ± 2.4 days since injury) took longer to recover (34.4 ± 37.1 vs 15.3 ± 7.6 days) than adolescents with a low burden (n = 32, 14.9 ± 1.4 years old, 69% male, 6.1 ± 2.3 days since injury) and had 6-fold higher odds of developing persisting postconcussive symptoms (odds ratio = 6.17 [1.15-33.15]). Abnormal repetitive saccades and vestibular ocular reflex were independently associated with longer recovery after controlling for multiple comparisons ( P < 0.0125), but only abnormal smooth pursuits were a significant effect modifier for the association between cognitive symptoms and recovery (interaction term hazard ratio = 0.133 [0.035-0.504], P = 0.003).
Conclusions:
Individuals with impaired ability to smoothly track a moving target and whose cognitive symptoms are a significant burden are at substantial risk for delayed recovery from SRC. Early initiation of oculomotor rehabilitation may facilitate recovery in these patients.
Trials Registration:
Clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT02959216.
