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Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

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The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
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Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...
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Covalent Fragment Screening Using the Quantitative Irreversible Tethering Assay
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Covalent Proximity Inducers.

Nir London1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

Chemical Reviews
|December 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Covalent proximity inducers, which covalently link proteins, offer enhanced drug properties. This review covers their discovery, applications in targeted degradation, and identifies current trends and research gaps.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical biology
  • Drug discovery
  • Molecular pharmacology

Background:

  • Proximity-inducing molecules are increasingly used in chemical biology and drug discovery.
  • Covalent modification of proximity inducers can improve selectivity, potency, duration, and reduce size.
  • This concept is explored for targeted protein degradation and molecular glues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review reported covalent proximity inducers.
  • To identify common trends in their design and application.
  • To highlight current gaps in their discovery and use.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of reported covalent proximity inducer strategies.
  • Categorization of applications and molecular designs.

Main Results:

  • Numerous covalent proximity inducers have been reported.
  • Applications span targeted degradation (bivalent) and molecular glues (monovalent).
  • Key trends in electrophile incorporation and target engagement were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Covalent proximity inducers represent a powerful strategy in drug discovery.
  • Further research is needed to address current gaps in discovery and application.
  • This approach holds significant promise for developing novel therapeutics.