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Hierarchically porous 3D-printed ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Shareen S L Chan1, Jay R Black2, George V Franks1

  • 1Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.

Biomaterials Advances
|December 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study developed advanced beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds using 3D printing and sacrificial templating. These hierarchically porous scaffolds significantly enhance cell viability and proliferation for BTE applications.

Keywords:
3D printingBone tissue engineeringCalcium phosphateDirect ink writingHierarchical porosityOsteoblasts

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Sacrificial templating enables control over pore structure in 3D printed materials.
  • Beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a key material for bone tissue engineering (BTE).
  • Current BTE scaffolds often lack optimal hierarchical porosity for cellular response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate hierarchically porous TCP scaffolds using direct ink writing (DIW) and oil templating.
  • To investigate the impact of multiscale porosity and pore morphology on osteoblast behavior.
  • To compare the performance of novel TCP scaffolds against clinical poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of TCP scaffolds via direct ink writing (DIW) of colloidal pastes.
  • Incorporation of multiscale porosity: macropores (DIW), micropores (oil templating), and smaller micropores (sintering).
  • In vitro assessment of human osteoblast growth, viability, and proliferation on scaffolds with varying pore structures.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchically porous scaffolds achieved 58-70% total porosity with 54-63% interconnected open pores.
  • Macroporosity significantly promoted osteoblast growth compared to microporosity alone.
  • Elongated pores from capillary suspension filaments enhanced cell spreading more than spherical pores.
  • TCP scaffolds demonstrated superior cell viability and proliferation compared to PCL controls.
  • Optimal cellular response observed with macropore sizes between 570-590 μm.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchically porous TCP scaffolds fabricated via DIW and oil templating offer a superior microenvironment for BTE.
  • The DIW of oil-templated colloidal pastes is a viable and customizable strategy for advanced BTE scaffold development.
  • These novel scaffolds show significant promise for enhancing bone regeneration compared to existing clinical materials.