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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Emerging approaches for T cell-stimulating platform development.

Emily Ariail¹, Nikol Garcia Espinoza², A Carson Stephenson²

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

|December 19, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing artificial platforms to stimulate T cells for cancer therapy. These innovative biomaterials mimic natural immune responses, offering new tools for targeted immune activation and improved cell therapies.

Keywords:

T cell activation artificial antigen-presenting cell biomaterials cancer engineering hydrogel immunology immunotherapy nanoparticle polymer

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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Biomaterials Science
Cancer Therapy

Background:

T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity, eliminating pathogens and abnormal host cells.
Natural T cell activation involves complex interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T cells.
Biomaterial advancements enable artificial platforms to mimic natural T cell stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review innovative strategies in T cell-stimulating platform design for cancer therapy.
To highlight advancements in biomaterials for T cell activation.
To explore applications of these platforms in adoptive cell transfer and in vivo treatments.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on T cell-stimulating platforms.
Focus on bead-based artificial antigen-presenting cells.
Discussion of hydrogel scaffolds, DNA-based systems, polymeric strategies, and soluble approaches.

Main Results:

Progress in engineering artificial antigen-presenting cells.
Development of hydrogel scaffolds for controlled T cell activation.
Emergence of DNA-based and soluble strategies for immune stimulation.
Advancements in alternative polymeric biomaterials.

Conclusions:

Innovative biomaterial platforms are expanding tools for targeted immune activation.
Artificial platforms offer potential for enhancing T cell therapies in cancer treatment.
These strategies hold promise for both ex vivo and in vivo T cell activation.