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[Textual research on Zitan].

Fang-Yuan Mu1, Kun-Yu Li2, Jia-Xin Tian1

  • 1Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100091, China.

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
|December 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Zitan, an imported traditional Chinese medicine, has confused origins. Textual research confirms Zitan is a purple variant of Santalum album, not leguminous rosewood, clarifying its clinical application.

Keywords:
Pterocarpus indicusPterocarpus santalinusSantalum albumZitantextual research on materia medica

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Area of Science:

  • Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • Ethnobotany
  • Pharmacognosy

Background:

  • Zitan is an imported herbal medicine with widespread application in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas like Shenping Decoction.
  • Its unusual status and unclear botanical origin pose challenges for consistent clinical use.
  • The historical confusion stems from the introduction of leguminous rosewood species during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the original plant of Zitan used in traditional Chinese medicine.
  • To investigate the historical nomenclature, geographical distribution, and efficacy of Zitan.
  • To resolve ambiguities affecting the clinical application of Zitan.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive textual research of ancient Chinese materia medica.
  • Analysis of historical records concerning Santalum album and leguminous rosewood.
  • Consideration of historical furniture trends in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Main Results:

  • Ancient texts describe Zitan from Southeast Asia, with a salty taste, cold nature, and affinity for blood.
  • Zitan was historically used for toxin- and wind-related conditions, wounds, and hemostasis.
  • Pterocarpus santalinus and P. indicus were mistakenly identified as Zitan due to their purple color, leading to medicinal use after the Qing Dynasty.

Conclusions:

  • The Zitan used in traditional Chinese medicine is confirmed to be a purple variant of Santalum album.
  • This finding distinguishes it from leguminous rosewood species like Pterocarpus santalinus and P. indicus.
  • Clarifying the botanical identity of Zitan supports its accurate identification and clinical application in TCM.