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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Updated: Jun 4, 2025

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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ncRNA Editing: Functional Characterization and Computational Resources.

Gioacchino P Marceca1, Giulia Romano2, Mario Acunzo2

  • 1Independent Researcher, Vittoria, RG, Italy.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing dynamically modifies non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), impacting gene regulation and disease. This editing is crucial in cancers and other conditions, offering potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.

Keywords:
3′UTRA-to-I RNA editingBioinformaticsDatabasesIntronsNGSlncRNAmiRNAncRNA editing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are vital regulators of gene expression, translation, and disease pathogenesis, particularly in cancer.
  • ncRNAs are broadly categorized into short and long forms, each with distinct regulatory roles.
  • Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that alters RNA sequences and structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the functional significance of A-to-I RNA editing in both short (microRNAs) and long ncRNAs.
  • To highlight the impact of RNA editing on ncRNA biogenesis and function.
  • To discuss the role of RNA editing in disease development and its potential as a therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ncRNA editing.
  • Integration of bioinformatics resources for ncRNAome studies.
  • Discussion of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for genome-wide RNA editing detection.

Main Results:

  • miRNA editing is implicated in promoting glioblastoma invasiveness.
  • Characterization of RNA editing hotspots across various cancer types.
  • RNA editing dysregulation is linked to thyroid cancer, ischemia, and other human diseases.

Conclusions:

  • A-to-I RNA editing dynamically modulates ncRNA function, influencing disease progression.
  • RNA editing machinery dysregulation presents opportunities for developing novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
  • Comprehensive ncRNAome studies using advanced computational tools and NGS are essential for understanding RNA editing's biological and clinical implications.