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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Overview
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.

James Brett Case1, Shilpi Jain2,3, Mehul S Suthar2,3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;

Annual Review of Immunology
|December 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves through mutations, leading to new variants that challenge vaccine effectiveness. Continued viral evolution, driven by immune escape, necessitates new strategies to control transmission.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2evolutionimmunityprotectionvaccinesvariants

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The global persistence of SARS-CoV-2 is driven by the emergence of new variant strains with unique mutations.
  • Viral evolution is influenced by host immunity, disease countermeasures, and selection for enhanced transmission.
  • Viral diversity poses challenges to vaccine efficacy, particularly humoral immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic.
  • To understand the immune mechanisms conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2.
  • To assess the impact of viral evolution on transmissibility and adaptive immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
  • Analysis of immune responses to natural infection and vaccination.
  • Examination of factors influencing viral transmissibility and immune escape.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 evolution initially favored increased transmissibility.
  • Current viral evolution is primarily driven by immune escape mechanisms.
  • Viral diversity impacts the effectiveness of existing vaccines and natural immunity.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to evolve to maintain fitness.
  • Effective countermeasures are needed to disrupt viral transmission cycles.
  • Understanding viral evolution is critical for developing next-generation vaccines and therapies.