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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling
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Global Identification of Co-Translational Interaction Networks by Selective Ribosome Profiling

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Structural determinants of co-translational protein complex assembly.

Saurav Mallik1, Johannes Venezian2, Arseniy Lobov1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel.

Cell
|December 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Co-translational protein assembly, where proteins assemble during synthesis, is driven by complex structures. This process involves unstable subunits that stabilize each other, impacting gene expression and proteostasis.

Keywords:
AlphaFoldco-translational assemblymRNA localizationprotein complexesprotein interactionsprotein structureproteostasisribosome profilingsingle-molecule FISHtranslational regulation

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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Protein complex assembly is essential for biological functions.
  • Co-translational assembly, occurring during protein synthesis, is increasingly recognized in human cells.
  • The underlying mechanisms and specific protein partners involved in co-translational assembly are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biological basis governing co-translational assembly.
  • To identify protein pairs that undergo assembly during translation.
  • To develop a predictive framework for co-translational assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of structural characteristics of protein complexes.
  • Utilizing AlphaFold2 predictions to identify structural signatures.
  • Experimental validation using ribosome profiling, stoichiometry perturbations, and single-molecule RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH).

Main Results:

  • Co-translational assembly is dictated by the structural properties of protein complexes.
  • Subunits involved in co-translational assembly are unstable in isolation and mutually stabilize each other.
  • Structural signatures and AlphaFold2 predictions accurately identified co-translational assembly pairs at a proteome-wide scale across species.

Conclusions:

  • Established a fundamental link between protein three-dimensional structure and the translation process.
  • Demonstrated the significant impact of structure on gene expression, mRNA localization, and proteostasis.
  • Co-translational assembly is a structure-driven mechanism essential for cellular function.