Glutathione peroxidase 4 overexpression induces anomalous subdiffusion and impairs glioblastoma cell growth

Glioblastoma tumors are the most common and aggressive adult central nervous system malignancy. Nearly all patients experience disease progression, which significantly contributes to disease mortality. Recently, it has been suggested that recurrent tumors may be characterized by a ferroptosis-prone phenotype with a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) expression. This led to the hypothesis that GPx4 expression negatively influences GBM cell growth. This study utilizes a doxycycline inducible GPx4 overexpression model to test this hypothesis. Consistently, the overexpression of GPx4 significantly impairs cell growth and colony formation while also causing an accumulation of cells in G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. From a biophysical perspective, GPx4 overexpressing cells have significantly greater surface area, increased Young's modulus, and experience anomalous sub-diffusion as opposed to normal diffusion associated with Brownian motion. Moreover, analysis of patient derived GBM cells reveal that cell growth rates, plating efficiency, and Young's modulus are all inversely proportional to GPx4 expression. Therefore, GPx4 appears to be a biophysical regulator of GBM cell growth that warrants further mechanistic investigation in its role in GBM progression.