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Retinal biomarkers detected via OCT and OCTA imaging show promise for early Alzheimer disease (AD) detection. These eye-based changes correlate with brain pathology, offering a noninvasive method for monitoring AD progression and treatment efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Alzheimer disease (AD) involves preclinical neurodegeneration before symptoms appear.
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often precedes AD, sharing similar early pathological changes.
  • The retina, as part of the central nervous system, may exhibit AD-related pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between Alzheimer disease and retinal pathology.
  • To explore the utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in detecting these retinal changes.
  • To assess the potential of retinal biomarkers for early AD detection and monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies investigating retinal changes in Alzheimer disease using OCT and OCTA.
  • Correlation analysis of retinal findings with brain imaging (MRI, PET) and neuropsychological tests.
  • Summarization of common retinal biomarkers associated with AD.

Main Results:

  • Common findings in AD patients include retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and reduced macular thickness.
  • Enlarged foveal avascular zone and decreased vascular density in retinal capillary plexuses are observed.
  • Retinal changes correlate with cerebral atrophy, amyloid load, and cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal microstructural and microvascular abnormalities show potential as biomarkers for early AD detection.
  • Ophthalmic imaging with OCT and OCTA can aid in clinical monitoring of AD.
  • Standardized protocols for in vivo ophthalmic imaging are needed for AD and MCI research.