Imaging of ventricular septal defect: Native and post-repair

Cardiac imaging using a combination of multiple modalities has become an essential tool in the management of adults with congenital heart disease with the potential to improve the outcome. Knowledge of the potential advantages and limitations of each modality allows their correct use to ensure timely diagnosis and a patient-tailored treatment approach in a variety of clinical settings. We provide herewith an expert consensus on the role of cardiovascular imaging in the assessment of ventricular septal defect and its hemodynamic consequences in adults.