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    Area of Science:

    • Cell biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Cellular physical state is defined by volume and dry mass.
    • Cell mass density (CMD) reflects macromolecular crowding and protein concentrations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate CMD dynamics following sudden changes in media osmolarity.
    • Understand the regulatory mechanisms governing CMD recovery.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Fluorescence eXclusion method (FXm) and Quantitative Phase Microscopy (QPM).
    • Monitored cell volume, dry mass, and protein synthesis rates.

    Main Results:

    • Cell volume and mass showed complex responses to osmotic shock.
    • CMD exhibited a straightforward, monotonic recovery over 48 hours, independent of the cell cycle.
    • Protein synthesis rate decreased as CMD increased, explained by nucleoplasm-cytoplasm transport feedback.
    • The Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) influences both protein synthesis and volume changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Cells possess a robust system for actively regulating CMD during environmental changes.
    • CMD-dependent nucleoplasm-cytoplasm transport acts as negative feedback on CMD.
    • NHE plays a significant role in CMD regulation.