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Avian influenza: past, present and future.

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    High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, like A(H5N1), pose a pandemic threat. Enhanced control strategies, including vaccination and improved poultry management, are crucial for managing HPAI in wild birds and poultry.

    Keywords:
    Clade 2.3.4.4bControlEnzooticHPAIHigh pathogenicity avian influenzaOne HealthVaccinationWild birdsZoonosis

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Science
    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage, have evolved significantly.
    • These viruses now pose a threat not only to avian populations but also to human health, necessitating a One Health approach.
    • The global spread of Gs/GD HPAI by migratory birds and the persistence of A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b strains highlight the need for updated control strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current challenges and necessary changes in avian influenza prevention and control.
    • To emphasize the dual threat of HPAI to avian and human health.
    • To discuss the sustainability of current control measures and the potential role of vaccination.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current scientific literature and epidemiological data on avian influenza.
    • Analysis of the impact of Gs/GD HPAI viruses on poultry and human health.
    • Evaluation of existing and proposed control strategies, including culling and vaccination.

    Main Results:

    • Gs/GD HPAI viruses are enzootic in some regions and spread globally by migratory birds.
    • Current control methods like culling may not be sustainable long-term.
    • Preventive vaccination and significant changes in poultry farming and trade practices are essential for HPAI elimination.

    Conclusions:

    • Eliminating HPAI requires a multi-faceted approach beyond culling, including improved vaccination strategies and poultry industry reforms.
    • Continued attention to low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses and development of matched vaccines is also necessary.
    • A One Health strategy is critical to manage the pandemic potential of avian influenza.