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Personality differences between birth order categories and across sibship sizes.

Michael C Ashton1, Kibeom Lee2

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 23, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Middle-borns and those from larger families tend to score higher on Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness. Birth order and family size influence personality traits, with religiousness moderating some effects.

Keywords:
HEXACObirth orderpersonalitysibship size

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Personality Psychology

Background:

  • Birth order and sibship size are hypothesized to influence personality development.
  • Previous research has yielded mixed findings on these associations.
  • The HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R) provides a robust measure of personality traits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between birth order, sibship size, and personality traits measured by the HEXACO-PI-R.
  • To differentiate the effects of birth order from sibship size on personality.
  • To examine the moderating role of religiousness on these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large-scale online adult samples (N > 700,000 and N > 70,000).
  • Self-report measures using the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R).
  • Statistical controls for participant sex, age, upbringing religiousness, and current religiousness.

Main Results:

  • Middle-borns and individuals from larger sibships reported higher Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness.
  • Larger sibship size was associated with increased Honesty-Humility (d=0.30) and Agreeableness (d=0.36).
  • Openness was higher in only children and firstborns compared to others, with religiousness moderating some effects.

Conclusions:

  • Birth order and sibship size are significant, albeit modest, correlates of personality.
  • Family structure variables, particularly sibship size, appear to play a role in shaping Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness.
  • Further research should explore the mechanisms underlying these birth order and family size effects on personality.