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Layers of the Heart Wall

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2025

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in Rat

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in Rat

Published on: June 4, 2012

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Sophie Hennebicq¹, Déborah Silberberg¹, Philippe Dubois¹

¹Service de Cardiologie, CHU Charleroi Chimay (HUmani), Charleroi, Belgium.

Acta Cardiologica

|December 24, 2024

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

Keywords:

Libman-Sacks antiphospholipid syndrome nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis systemic lupus erythematosus

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