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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to antigen-presenting cells.

Ervin Ascic1, Carlos-Filipe Pereira2

  • 1Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine at Lund University, BMC A12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|December 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores using transcription factors to reprogram somatic cells into antigen-presenting cells (APCs), specifically dendritic cells (DCs). This approach holds promise for cancer immunotherapy by generating specialized immune cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mϕ), are crucial for immune responses against cancer and infections.
  • Current methods for generating APC subsets involve enrichment from blood or differentiation from stem cells.
  • Cellular development relies on transcription factors (TFs) to specify cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the transcriptional control of dendritic cell (DC) subset specification.
  • To highlight the transcriptional networks involved in generating DCs.
  • To discuss the potential of direct cell reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of transcriptional specification of DC subsets.
  • Analysis of transcriptional networks governing APC generation.
  • Discussion of transdifferentiation strategies using transcription factors.

Main Results:

  • Transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators in the developmental pathways of APC subsets.
  • Direct cell reprogramming (transdifferentiation) can convert somatic cells into APCs using specific TF combinations.
  • Understanding TF networks is essential for generating desired APC subsets.

Conclusions:

  • Direct cell reprogramming offers a novel strategy for generating APCs, including DCs, from various somatic cells.
  • Harnessing TF combinations for transdifferentiation presents a promising avenue for developing advanced cancer immunotherapies.
  • Further research into DC reprogramming can enhance immune cell-based cancer treatments.