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Fully 4D-Printed Near-Infrared-Actuated Lab-on-Valve Solid-Phase Extraction Devices.

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Four-dimensional printing created a smart lab-on-valve device with self-actuating valves. This automated solid-phase extraction for trace metal analysis, showing promise for advanced analytical methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Four-dimensional printing (4DP) integrates stimuli-responsive materials for advanced device functionality.
  • Stimuli-responsive devices offer potential for miniaturization and complex operations.
  • Lab-on-valve (LOV) systems require precise fluid control for automated processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 4D-printed lab-on-valve (LOV) solid-phase extraction (SPE) device with integrated, self-actuating valves.
  • To utilize near-infrared (NIR) light for remote, non-contact actuation of temperature-responsive valves.
  • To demonstrate the device's capability for fully automated SPE coupled with elemental analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Digital light processing 3D printing was employed to fabricate the LOV-SPE device.
  • Temperature-responsive hydrogels composed of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), MBA, and graphene were synthesized.
  • NIR irradiation was used to trigger the deswelling and swelling of hydrogel-based valves, controlling fluid flow.

Main Results:

  • A 4D-printed LOV-SPE device with four NIR-actuated valves was successfully fabricated.
  • The device enabled automatic switching of flow direction via NIR-triggered temperature changes in the hydrogel valves.
  • The automated system coupled with ICP-MS achieved sensitive determination of multiple heavy metal ions in various matrices.

Conclusions:

  • 4DP technology enables the creation of sophisticated, self-actuating microfluidic devices.
  • NIR-actuated hydrogel valves offer a promising approach for automated fluid control in LOV systems.
  • The developed 4D-printed LOV-SPE device demonstrates significant potential for advancing automated analytical methodologies.