Lesser-Known Cyanotoxins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Health and Environmental Impacts

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Toxicology
• Environmental Health

Background:

• Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are widespread photosynthetic bacteria producing diverse toxins.
• Well-studied toxins like Microcystins exist, but others, especially from Lyngbya and Nostoc, are underexplored.
• Cyanotoxins can cause neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and dermatotoxicity, with aerosolization posing an emerging exposure route.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review literature on underexplored cyanotoxins associated with human intoxication.
• To elucidate the clinical relevance and mechanisms of these lesser-known toxins.
• To identify challenges in cyanobacterial research and propose mitigation strategies for adverse effects.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of scientific articles and studies on cyanotoxins.
• Analysis of clinical manifestations and toxicological data for understudied cyanotoxins.
• Synthesis of current knowledge gaps and research challenges in cyanobacterial toxicology.

Main Results:

• Identified specific underexplored cyanotoxins from Lyngbya and Nostoc genera.
• Detailed potential human health impacts including neurotoxic, hepatic, and dermal effects.
• Highlighted the need for more research due to limited understanding and emerging exposure pathways like aerosolization.

Conclusions:

• Underexplored cyanotoxins pose significant, yet poorly understood, health risks.
• Further research is essential to characterize these toxins, their mechanisms, and clinical outcomes.
• Improved understanding is vital for public health preparedness and developing effective risk management strategies.