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Related Concept Videos

Energy Budgets00:51

Energy Budgets

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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Surface Renewal: An Advanced Micrometeorological Method for Measuring and Processing Field-Scale Energy Flux Density Data
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Assessment of Atmospheric and Surface Energy Budgets Using Observation-Based Data Products.

Michael Mayer1,2, Seiji Kato3, Michael Bosilovich4

  • 1Research Department, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, RG2 9AX UK.

Surveys in Geophysics
|December 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Accurate regional energy budgets are crucial for understanding Earth's energy imbalance (EEI). This study evaluates total and dry static energy budgets using multiple reanalysis datasets, revealing biases and improving surface energy flux estimates.

Keywords:
Earth’s energy imbalanceEnergy budgetReanalysisRemote sensingSurface energy flux

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Accurate diagnosis of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets is critical for understanding the spatial distribution of heat uptake associated with Earth's energy imbalance (EEI).
  • Existing data products and evaluation methods have limitations and assumptions impacting budget assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish frameworks and methods for consistent evaluation of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets.
  • To assess the uncertainties in these budgets using observationally constrained datasets.
  • To infer net surface energy fluxes and atmospheric diabatic heating from energy budgets.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of regional total energy (TE) and dry static energy (DSE) budgets for 2001-2020.
  • Consistent application of a framework to ERA5, MERRA-2, and JRA55 reanalysis datasets.
  • Assessment of uncertainties through inter-product spread and physical constraints.
  • Inference of net surface energy flux and atmospheric diabatic heating.

Main Results:

  • Biases in energy budgets are <1 W/m² globally, <5 W/m² continentally, and ~15 W/m² regionally.
  • Inferred net surface energy fluxes show reduced large-scale biases compared to existing data.
  • Inferred atmospheric diabatic heating from DSE budgets shows larger uncertainties (10-15 Wm⁻²) than TE budgets.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a consistent framework for evaluating regional energy budgets across multiple reanalysis products.
  • Inferred surface energy fluxes are more reliable than existing remote sensing and model-based estimates.
  • Further validation of atmospheric energy budgets is necessary for EEI research and to understand observational product limitations.