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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Transcranial direct current stimulation improves time perception in children with ADHD.

Vahid Nejati1,2, Fateme Mirikaram3, Michael A Nitsche4,5,6

  • 1Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. nejati@sbu.ac.ir.

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Summary

Non-invasive brain stimulation targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) improved time perception in children with ADHD. Specifically, stimulation enhanced time discrimination and reproduction, suggesting these brain regions are crucial for temporal processing.

Keywords:
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexTime discriminationTime estimationTime perceptionTime reproductionTranscranial direct current stimulationVentromedial prefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with significant challenges in time perception.
  • The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are implicated in ADHD pathophysiology and temporal processing deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether modulating the excitability of the vmPFC and dlPFC using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can alter time perception in children with ADHD.
  • To determine the specific roles of the left dlPFC and right vmPFC in time discrimination, estimation, and reproduction.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-six children diagnosed with ADHD participated in five experimental sessions involving various tDCS conditions (anodal/cathodal stimulation of dlPFC and vmPFC, isolated stimulation, and sham) with a one-week interval.
  • Participants completed time discrimination and time estimation/reproduction tasks under each tDCS condition.

Main Results:

  • All real tDCS conditions led to significant improvements in time discrimination compared to sham stimulation, with no significant differences between the active stimulation protocols.
  • Anodal vmPFC/cathodal dlPFC, isolated anodal dlPFC, and isolated anodal vmPFC stimulation improved time reproduction but not time estimation compared to sham stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that the left dlPFC and right vmPFC play distinct roles in temporal processing, with both areas involved in time estimation.
  • The right vmPFC appears particularly critical for accurate time reproduction, highlighting its importance in temporal sequencing and motor timing in ADHD.