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Related Concept Videos

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Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infections in Humans.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) caused mild conjunctivitis in U.S. adults exposed to infected animals. No human-to-human spread occurred, but personal protective equipment use was suboptimal.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) has infected U.S. dairy cows and poultry, leading to sporadic human cases.
  • This study details the characteristics of human A(H5N1) infections identified in the U.S. from March to October 2024.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize human avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in the U.S.
  • To identify risk factors, clinical presentations, and outcomes of human A(H5N1) cases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from laboratory-confirmed A(H5N1) cases.
  • Utilized standardized case-report forms linked to CDC influenza A/H5 subtyping kit results.

Main Results:

  • Of 46 cases, 25 involved dairy cow exposure and 20 involved poultry exposure; one had no identified exposure.
  • Most cases (93%) presented with conjunctivitis, 49% with fever, and 36% with respiratory symptoms; all had mild illness, with no hospitalizations or deaths among those with animal exposure.
  • Oseltamivir was administered to 87% of patients, with treatment initiated a median of 2 days post-symptom onset. No human-to-human transmission was detected among household contacts.

Conclusions:

  • A(H5N1) virus infections in the U.S. predominantly caused mild, short-duration conjunctivitis in adults exposed to animals.
  • Prompt antiviral treatment was common, and no human-to-human transmission was observed.
  • Suboptimal personal protective equipment (PPE) use highlights the need for enhanced exposure risk reduction strategies.