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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
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The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. Several other animal species also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter, however, focuses on the human digestive system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes
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Microbiome and Mucosal Immunity in the Intestinal Tract.

Hannes Ahrend1, Anja Buchholtz1, Matthias B Stope2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Israelite Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
|December 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome and immune system maintain digestive health. Imbalances contribute to inflammatory bowel diseases, necessitating a holistic diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Keywords:
Crohn’s diseaseMucosal immunologychronic inflammatory bowel diseaseinflammatory intestinal diseasesintestinal mucosareviewulcerative colitis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The human bowel interacts with external agents, influencing digestive tract function.
  • Commensal intestinal flora and the immune system regulate the balance between inflammation and immune tolerance.
  • Disruptions in this system can lead to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interplay between commensal microorganisms, the intestinal microbiome, and the local immune system within the intestinal epithelium.
  • To highlight the functions of the intestinal microbiome and the components of the local intestinal immune system.
  • To emphasize the role of deregulated immune responses in IBD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the immunological-microbial context of inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Analysis of the interactions between the intestinal microbiome, intestinal epithelium, and local immune cells (macrophages, antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells).

Main Results:

  • The intestinal microbiome protects against pathogens, maintains epithelial barrier function, aids nutrient absorption, and regulates immunity.
  • The local intestinal immune system modulates the microbiome, influenced by epithelial cells and microbial signaling factors.
  • Deregulated immune responses can lead to microbiome dysbiosis, contributing to IBD.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the immunological-microbial context is crucial for diagnosing and treating IBD.
  • A holistic approach involving comprehensive assessment of a patient's immune and microbiome status is recommended for diagnosis and therapy.
  • This integrated approach may offer a promising strategy for managing inflammatory bowel diseases.