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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Comparing the Survival Analysis of Two or More Groups01:20

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Survival analysis is a cornerstone of medical research, used to evaluate the time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or recovery. Unlike standard statistical methods, survival analysis is particularly adept at handling censored data—instances where the event has not occurred for some participants by the end of the study or remains unobserved. To address these unique challenges, specialized techniques like the Kaplan-Meier estimator, log-rank test, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
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Unveiling Inequities: Racial Disparities in Risk-Reducing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer Prevention.

Samuel Knoedler1, Fortunay Diatta1, Felix J Klimitz1

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Clinical Breast Cancer
|January 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) utilization shows racial disparities. Minority patients undergoing RRM present with more comorbidities and higher complication rates, highlighting the need for equitable care in breast cancer prevention.

Keywords:
ACS-NSQIPRisk-reducing mastectomy, Prophylactic mastectomy, Breast surgery, Care equalization

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) is a key preventive surgery for lowering breast cancer risk.
  • Existing research extensively documents racial disparities in breast cancer treatment.
  • However, data on racial differences in RRM utilization and outcomes remain limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate racial disparities in the utilization and outcomes of risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM).
  • To compare patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical characteristics, and postoperative outcomes between White and racial minority patients undergoing RRM.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database from 2008-2022.
  • Identification of patients who underwent RRM.
  • Comparison of demographic, comorbidity, surgical, and 30-day postoperative outcome data between White and racial minority patients, including Black/African American women.

Main Results:

  • Racial minority patients were more likely to have higher BMIs, obesity, and hypertension compared to White patients.
  • Minority patients underwent more outpatient surgeries and had shorter hospital stays.
  • While not statistically significant in this cohort, Black patients showed a trend toward higher rates of superficial incisional infections and overall complications.

Conclusions:

  • Racial disparities exist in risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) utilization and outcomes.
  • Minority patients undergoing RRM are more likely to have comorbidities and experience higher complication rates.
  • Targeted strategies are essential to ensure equitable access to RRM and improve outcomes for minority patients, promoting health equity in breast cancer prevention.