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Amphibious Soft Robots Based on Programmable Actuators Fabricated by Brushing Chinese Ink on Paper.

Haoyao Li1,2, Yubo Wang1,2, Zhiling Luo1,2

  • 1Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
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Summary

Researchers developed novel amphibious actuators using Chinese ink on paper, enabling programmable ground bending and autonomous water movement. This breakthrough offers versatile robotic capabilities for complex environments.

Keywords:
Chinese inkMarangoniactuatoramphibiousprogrammable

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Materials Science
  • Soft robotics
  • Amphibious actuation

Background:

  • Current amphibious actuators often require external stimuli and complex fabrication.
  • There is a need for adaptable soft robots capable of operating in both terrestrial and aquatic environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate novel amphibious programmable actuators and robots.
  • To enable autonomous movement on water and programmable bending on land using simple fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of actuators by brushing Chinese ink on paper and polyethylene.
  • Utilizing near-infrared light for ground actuation and Chinese ink's Marangoni effect for water propulsion.
  • Programming actuation via ink concentration and structural design.

Main Results:

  • Actuators exhibited a maximum bending curvature of 2.66 cm⁻¹ under near-infrared light.
  • Autonomous movement on water achieved with a maximum velocity of 4.73 cm s⁻¹.
  • Programmable shape-changing and dynamic information display demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ink-paper actuators offer a simple yet effective solution for amphibious robotics.
  • This technology provides new inspiration for developing next-generation programmable soft robots with versatile environmental adaptability.