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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Published on: April 15, 2015

Two-Dimensional Materials for Brain-Inspired Computing Hardware.

Shreyash Hadke¹, Min-A Kang¹, Vinod K Sangwan¹

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

Chemical Reviews

|January 2, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials offer a low-energy solution for brain-inspired computing, mimicking biological systems. This review covers their integration into neuromorphic devices, highlighting challenges and opportunities for future advancements.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Published on: August 28, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Neuroscience
Computer Engineering

Background:

Conventional silicon hardware faces unsustainable energy consumption for artificial intelligence (AI).
Neuromorphic hardware, mimicking biological systems, presents a low-energy alternative.
Advanced materials are crucial for scalable and high-speed neuromorphic computing.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the growth, fabrication, and integration of 2D materials and van der Waals heterojunctions.
To explore their application in neuromorphic electronic and optoelectronic devices, circuits, and systems.
To emphasize the structure-property-device response relationship and compare technologies.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of 2D materials for neuromorphic applications.
Analysis of growth, fabrication, and integration techniques.
Critical comparison of material properties and device performance.

Main Results:

2D materials exhibit unique properties suitable for next-generation electronics.
They enable biorealistic synaptic and neuronal responses beyond conventional systems.
Integration of 2D materials and heterojunctions is key for advanced neuromorphic devices.

Conclusions:

2D materials and heterojunctions are promising for low-energy, high-performance neuromorphic computing.
Further research is needed to overcome challenges in scalability and integration.
Leveraging fundamental properties of 2D materials offers significant opportunities for future neuromorphic systems.