Assessing microbiota in vivo: debugging with medical imaging

The microbiota is integral to human health and has been mostly characterized through various ex vivo 'omic'-based approaches. To better understand the real-time function and impact of the microbiota, in vivo molecular imaging is required. With technologies such as positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT), insight into microbiological processes may be coupled to in vivo information. Noninvasive imaging enables longitudinal tracking of microbes and their components in real time; mapping of microbiota biodistribution, persistence and migration; and simultaneous monitoring of host physiological responses. The development of molecular imaging for clinical translation is an interdisciplinary science, with broad implications for deeper understanding of host-microbe interactions and the role(s) of the microbiome in health and disease.