Floatable artificial leaf to couple oxygen-tolerant CO₂ conversion with water purification

To enable open environment application of artificial photosynthesis, the direct utilization of environmental CO₂ via an oxygen-tolerant reductive procedure is necessary. Herein, we introduce an in situ growth strategy for fabricating two-dimensional heterojunctions between indium porphyrin metal-organic framework (In-MOF) and single-layer graphene oxide (GO). Upon illumination, the In-MOF/GO heterostructure facilitates a tandem CO₂ capture and photocatalytic reduction on its hydroxylated In-node, prioritizing the reduction of dilute CO₂ even in the presence of air-level O₂. The In-MOF/GO heterostructure photocatalyst is integrated with a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane to construct a floatable artificial leaf. Through a triphase photocatalytic reaction, the floatable artificial leaf can remove aqueous contaminants from real water while efficiently reducing CO₂ at low concentrations (10%, approximately the CO₂ concentration in combustion flue gases) upon air-level O₂. This study provides a scalable approach for the construction of photocatalytic devices for CO₂ conversion in open environments.