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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Stages of Infection01:26

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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Virus Evolution in Prolonged Infections of Immunocompromised Individuals.

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Immunocompromised individuals experience accelerated viral evolution, leading to mutations in viruses like SARS-CoV-2. While the global impact of these viral variants is unclear, new monitoring methods may offer insights.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Immunocompromised hosts are susceptible to persistent viral infections and shedding.
  • This phenomenon is observed with various viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, and is increasingly relevant due to a growing immunocompromised population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review populations at risk for prolonged viral shedding.
  • To examine clinical manifestations and evolutionary methods for persistent viral infections.
  • To discuss viral evolution in immunocompromised patients across multiple RNA viruses and their global implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral evolution in immunocompromised patients.
  • Analysis of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, norovirus, influenza, and poliovirus.
  • Discussion of global implications and emerging monitoring techniques.

Main Results:

  • Significant evidence of accelerated viral evolution and antigenic mutations in immunocompromised hosts.
  • Multiple viral pathogens demonstrate this evolutionary acceleration.
  • The precise global implications and outbreak prediction capabilities of these variants remain unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Accelerated viral evolution occurs in immunocompromised hosts, affecting viral pathogens.
  • Transmission of these variants is rare and their role in predicting outbreaks is not established.
  • Wastewater monitoring offers potential for understanding the impact of evolved variants on broader populations.