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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Factors associated with contracting border malaria: A systematic and meta-analysis.

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Border malaria risk factors like outdoor activities and poor housing are similar to non-border areas. Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) effectively protect against malaria.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Entomology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cross-border malaria and vector resistance threaten malaria elimination goals.
  • Border regions face challenges including poor health access, remoteness, and high vector abundance.
  • Socio-economic and behavioral factors influence malaria risk in non-border regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze factors associated with border malaria occurrence.
  • To characterize and quantify the pooled effect sizes of these associated factors.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted an exhaustive systematic search across multiple databases (PubMed, EBSCOHost, etc.).
  • Screened 847 articles for quality and eligibility, including 12 in the final review.
  • Computed pooled odds ratios, I2, LFK index, and generated forest plots for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Significant risk factors for border malaria include night outdoor activities, forestry, mining, poor housing, and cross-border movement.
  • Lack of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) use significantly increased malaria risk.
  • Use of ITN and indoor residual spraying (IRS) demonstrated protective effects.

Conclusions:

  • Risk factors for border malaria are comparable to those in non-border regions.
  • Integrated control strategies addressing socio-economic, environmental, and behavioral drivers are crucial.
  • Sustaining vector control interventions and developing novel strategies for cross-border movement are essential.