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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain is a crucial metabolic pathway facilitating energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes that mediate a series of redox reactions located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. These complexes function by transferring electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to terminal electron acceptors, including oxygen in aerobic respiration...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

1
Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Microbial Nutrition01:28

Microbial Nutrition

Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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The proteome is a terminal electron acceptor.

Avi I Flamholz1, Akshit Goyal2,3, Woodward W Fischer4

  • 1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbial metabolism adapts to nutrient availability through flexible resource allocation. This study reveals how redox balance influences microbial growth and genome evolution, favoring proteins that match nutrient redox states.

Keywords:
environmental sciencemetabolismmicrobial physiologyprotein evolutionredox chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Microbial metabolism exhibits remarkable flexibility, adapting to diverse nutrient redox states.
  • Organisms like Escherichia coli utilize various fermentation and respiration strategies for growth.
  • Understanding the limits and evolutionary impacts of this metabolic flexibility is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mathematical framework integrating redox chemistry and cellular resource allocation.
  • To model microbial growth across different metabolic strategies (respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis).
  • To investigate the evolutionary consequences of metabolic flexibility and redox matching.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a coarse-grained mathematical model coupling redox chemistry and resource allocation.
  • Integrated models of respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis.
  • Analyzed ~60,000 genomes and proteomic datasets.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated autotrophs grow slower than heterotrophs due to intracellular carbon reduction constraints.
  • Predicted that heterotrophic growth improves when biomass redox state matches the nutrient environment.
  • Found evidence of amino acid substitutions in proteins promoting redox matching across diverse datasets.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic flexibility is constrained by intracellular processes and nutrient redox states.
  • Genome evolution may favor substitutions providing population-level redox-chemical benefits.
  • Redox matching represents an unexpected driver of protein evolution.