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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Structure of Cadherins01:25

Structure of Cadherins

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The cadherins were one of the first cell adhesion molecules discovered; the term “cadherins”   is based on their calcium-dependent adhering properties. The first cadherins discovered on the epithelial, neuronal, and placental cells were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin, respectively. These classical cadherins share sequence and structural similarities. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped into non-classical cadherins. This...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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HLA-E: Immune Receptor Functional Mechanisms Revealed by Structural Studies.

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Immunological Reviews
|January 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human Leukocyte Antigen-E (HLA-E) presents peptides to immune cells, regulating Natural Killer (NK) and T cell functions. Understanding HLA-E structure and function may lead to novel immunotherapies.

Keywords:
CD8 T cellsHLA‐EMHC class IMHC‐ENKG2AT‐cell receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen-E (HLA-E) is a nonclassical, nonpolymorphic class Ib HLA molecule.
  • It plays a crucial role in immune regulation by interacting with NKG2x-CD94 receptors on NK cells and T lymphocytes.
  • Its conserved function across species likely explains its lack of genetic polymorphism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between HLA-E structure, peptide binding, and receptor interactions.
  • To elucidate the cell biology and immunology of HLA-E.
  • To identify potential therapeutic applications based on HLA-E's function.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of HLA-E bound to various peptides.
  • Investigation of HLA-E interactions with NKG2-CD94 and T-cell receptors.
  • Review of existing literature on HLA-E cell biology and immunology.

Main Results:

  • HLA-E primarily presents a conserved nonamer peptide (VL9) from classical MHC molecules to NKG2x-CD94 receptors.
  • A secondary function involves presenting pathogen-derived peptides, potentially facilitated by stable HLA-E-β2m complexes.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to its immunoregulatory role.

Conclusions:

  • Detailed knowledge of HLA-E structure-function relationships is essential for its biological and immunological understanding.
  • This understanding could pave the way for developing universal T-cell and NK-cell-based immunotherapies.