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Related Concept Videos

Location and Orientation of the Heart01:13

Location and Orientation of the Heart

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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

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Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a...
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Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

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Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
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Special considerations while measuring pulse01:13

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Assessing a patient's pulse is a fundamental skill in healthcare, but certain situations require special attention:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2025

A Modified Sonographic Algorithm for Image Acquisition in Life-Threatening Emergencies in the Critically Ill Newborn
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Absent Pericardium Causing Extreme Levoposition in a Child.

Filippos-Paschalis Rorris1, Alexandros Tsoutsinos2, Meletios Kanakis1

  • 1Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens Greece.

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|January 6, 2025
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Summary

Surgeons discovered a rare absence of pericardium during surgery for a child's congenital heart defect. This finding highlights unexpected anatomical variations during cardiac repair procedures.

Keywords:
absent pericardiumcongenital heart diseasepericardial diseasesinus venosus

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Congenital heart defects (CHDs) require surgical intervention, often involving complex anatomical considerations.
  • Preoperative imaging may not always reveal all intraoperative anatomical anomalies.
  • The pericardium is a vital sac protecting the heart, and its absence is a rare anomaly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of incidental absence of the pericardium discovered during surgical repair of a congenital heart defect.
  • To emphasize the importance of intraoperative vigilance for unexpected anatomical variations.
  • To contribute to the understanding of pericardial anomalies in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Case report detailing a surgical scenario.
  • Intraoperative observation during congenital heart defect repair.
  • Review of relevant anatomical and surgical literature.

Main Results:

  • Absence of the pericardium was identified during the surgical repair of a sinus venosus defect in a pediatric patient.
  • The anomaly did not significantly complicate the primary surgical repair.
  • Intraoperative findings underscore the potential for unpredicted anatomical variations.

Conclusions:

  • The absence of the pericardium, though rare, can be encountered during congenital heart defect surgery.
  • Intraoperative awareness is crucial for managing unexpected anatomical findings.
  • This case highlights the need for thorough surgical preparation and adaptability in pediatric cardiac surgery.