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Related Concept Videos

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins01:25

Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins

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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
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Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

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In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as...
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Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:29

Insertion of Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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The rough ER membrane synthesizes, assembles, and embeds transmembrane proteins in diverse topologies. These proteins function as transporters or channels and can remain in the ER membrane or are sent to the Golgi complex, lysosome, and cell membrane.
The multipass transmembrane proteins are the type IV integral membrane proteins with multiple topogenic sequences determining their spatial arrangement in the ER membrane. Nearly all multipass proteins lack a cleavable signal sequence and use...
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Updated: May 7, 2025

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics
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Transmembrane proteins in grape immunity: current knowledge and methodological advances.

Alessia Gallucci1, Deborah Giordano2, Angelo Facchiano2

  • 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|January 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transmembrane proteins (TMPs) are crucial for grapevine immunity against biotic stresses. This review details key TMP genes and methods for studying them to improve grapevine resilience and sustainable viticulture.

Keywords:
FRETLysM-RLKsNMRRBOHSWEETsVitisreceptortopology

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Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Comprehensive Workflow for the Genome-wide Identification and Expression Meta-analysis of the ATL E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family in Grapevine
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

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Area of Science:

  • Plant science
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transmembrane proteins (TMPs) are vital for plant defense against biotic stresses.
  • Grapevine TMPs, crucial for immunity, remain understudied.
  • Understanding these complex proteins is essential for crop improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of TMP-encoding genes in grapevine immunity.
  • To highlight the roles of specific TMPs like LysM-RLKs, Rbohs, and SWEETs.
  • To discuss methodologies for studying TMPs in grapevine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on TMPs in plant immunity.
  • Focus on key grapevine TMP families: LysM-RLKs, Rbohs, and SWEETs.
  • Discussion of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches for TMP research.

Main Results:

  • Identified LysM-RLKs for pathogen recognition, Rbohs for ROS production, and SWEETs for nutrient transport in grapevine defense.
  • Outlined the strengths and limitations of various experimental and computational methods.
  • Highlighted the complexity and diversity of TMPs in plant cells.

Conclusions:

  • Characterizing grapevine TMPs is key to enhancing plant resilience.
  • This knowledge can lead to more sustainable viticulture practices.
  • Further research into TMPs will unlock new strategies for crop protection.