Epidemiology, trends, and disparities in maternal mortality: A framework for obstetric anesthesiologists

Since 2015, reductions in maternal mortality have stalled globally. In some parts of the world, severe maternal morbidity and mortality have increased, and most cases are thought to be from preventable causes. This is further exacerbated by significant racial, ethnic, and geographic disparities in maternal health outcomes, particularly among countries with diverse populations. Etiologies and presentations of maternal death and disease are broad and diverse, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach to address risk and manage medical complexity. Strategies that may reduce morbidity and mortality include the application of risk stratification models and systems for prompt recognition of clinical deterioration, implementation of maternal safety bundles, and point-of care tools such as coagulation testing and ultrasound. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, etiology, and disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality outcomes, and provide a framework for anesthesiologists in helping mitigate risk and improve maternal health outcomes.