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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Introduction to Urinary System01:13

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
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Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

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Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
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Kidney Structure01:45

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Filtration and Urine Formation01:32

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The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.
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Kidney Programming and Hypertension: Linking Prenatal Development to Adulthood.

You-Lin Tain1,2, Chien-Ning Hsu3,4

  • 1Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Early life environmental factors can program kidneys, leading to hypertension. This review explores molecular pathways and reprogramming interventions for programmed hypertension, shifting focus from conventional treatments.

Keywords:
chronic kidney diseasedevelopmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)gut microbiotahypertensionnephron endowmentnitric oxideoxidative stressrenin–angiotensin system

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology and Cardiovascular Research
  • Developmental Programming of Chronic Diseases

Background:

  • The link between kidney disease and hypertension is well-established, but its developmental origins in early life are less understood.
  • Environmental exposures during pregnancy and lactation can impact fetal kidney development, leading to long-term structural and functional alterations.
  • This 'kidney programming' is a potential precursor to hypertension later in life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertension development due to early kidney programming.
  • To explore preclinical reprogramming interventions aimed at preventing programmed hypertension.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding kidney programming for future hypertension management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies and existing literature on kidney programming and hypertension.
  • Examination of molecular pathways including epigenetics, oxidative stress, nitric oxide, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nutrient sensing, gut microbiota, and sodium transport.
  • Identification and analysis of proposed reprogramming strategies.

Main Results:

  • Kidney programming involves complex molecular pathways such as epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, and RAS activation.
  • Disruptions in nutrient sensing, gut microbiota, and sodium transport also contribute to programmed hypertension.
  • Preclinical studies suggest various reprogramming interventions can prevent hypertension related to kidney programming.

Conclusions:

  • Early life kidney programming is a significant factor in the development of hypertension.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms and reprogramming strategies is crucial for preventing programmed hypertension.
  • A shift in focus towards developmental origins and reprogramming interventions is needed, distinct from conventional hypertension treatments.