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Lactobacilli are vital lactic acid bacteria for human health, shaping the early immune system and microbiota. Their beneficial functions, including immune modulation, extend across various human microbiomes throughout life.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Human Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Lactobacilli, a diverse group of lactic acid bacteria, are crucial for human health.
  • They play a significant role in the development of the early human microbiota and immune system.
  • Interactions with mucosal immunity shape and advance the human immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the acquisition, presence, and functions of lactobacilli in human microbiota across the lifespan.
  • To discuss the interactions between lactobacilli and mucosal and immune cells.
  • To highlight the immune-modulating properties of lactobacilli.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on lactobacilli and their role in human health.
  • Analysis of studies on probiotics and mucosal immunity in germ-free mice.
  • Extrapolation of findings from specific Lactobacillus strains to species with common characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Lactobacilli are present in various human microbiota, including the amnion.
  • They interact with mucosal and immune cells, influencing immune system development.
  • Mechanisms of immune modulation include nutrient competition, colonization interference, bacteriocin production, pH reduction, and immune stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Lactobacilli are essential for maintaining human health and immune system development.
  • Their beneficial effects are observed throughout the human lifespan and across different body sites.
  • Understanding lactobacilli functions supports the development of health-promoting strategies.