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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Proteoglycans01:05

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan...

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Correction: Peptine et al. Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) in Nosocomial Infections: A Systematic Review of Resistance, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Management. <i>Microorganisms</i> 2026, <i>14</i>, 428.

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Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria
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Proline Improves Pullulan Biosynthesis Under High Sugar Stress Condition.

Keyi Liu1,2, Junqing Wang1,2, Feng Li3

  • 1School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.

Microorganisms
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proline supplementation enhances pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans under stress. This study reveals proline

Keywords:
Aureobasidium pullulansRNA sequencinghyperglycemiahypertonicityprolinepullulan

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology
  • Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • Pullulan, an extracellular polysaccharide from Aureobasidium pullulans, faces production limitations due to high sugar and osmotic stress.
  • Understanding the protective mechanisms against these stresses is crucial for optimizing pullulan fermentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of proline supplementation on Aureobasidium pullulans growth and pullulan biosynthesis under high sugar and hyperosmotic stress.
  • To elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying proline's protective effects.

Main Methods:

  • Physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses were employed.
  • Scanning electron microscopy and enzyme activity assays were conducted.
  • High-throughput sequencing identified differentially expressed genes.

Main Results:

  • Proline supplementation (400 mg/L) significantly increased biomass (10.75%) and pullulan yield (30.06%, reaching 174.8 g/L).
  • Proline preserved cell integrity and upregulated key enzymes in pullulan biosynthesis.
  • Transcriptome analysis indicated proline's role in regulating metabolic pathways like glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Proline effectively protects Aureobasidium pullulans against high sugar and hyperosmotic stress.
  • Proline supplementation offers a viable strategy for improving industrial pullulan production.
  • This study provides a foundation for enhancing polysaccharide fermentation efficiency.