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Measuring Precipitation via Microwave Bands with a High-Accuracy Setup.

Alexandros Sakkas¹, Vasilis Christofilakis¹, Christos J Lolis²

¹Electronics-Telecommunications and Applications Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 8, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a novel experimental setup to measure radio frequency (RF) signal attenuation for estimating precipitation rates at lower frequencies (under 10 GHz). Results show a clear relationship between signal attenuation and rainfall intensity, enabling more accurate weather monitoring.

Keywords:

experimental setup measurements microwave precipitation signal attenuation

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Atmospheric Science
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Climate change necessitates accurate precipitation estimation for extreme weather event management.
Radio frequency (RF) signal attenuation is a promising method for precipitation rate estimation.
Existing research primarily focuses on frequencies above 10 GHz, leaving lower frequencies under-explored due to minimal signal attenuation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a high-precision experimental setup for detecting subtle RF signal attenuation below 10 GHz.
To investigate the relationship between signal attenuation and precipitation rate at specific low frequencies (2.07, 4.63, and 6.22 GHz).

Main Methods:

Designed and implemented a specialized transmitter and receiver system for low-frequency RF signal analysis.
Conducted preliminary measurements with a power resolution below 10^-5 dB to quantify signal attenuation.
Analyzed the relationship between measured signal attenuation and precipitation rates across three distinct frequencies.

Main Results:

The experimental setup successfully detected subtle signal attenuation caused by precipitation at 2.07, 4.63, and 6.22 GHz.
A consistent power law relationship was established between signal attenuation and precipitation rate for all tested frequencies.
Higher frequencies within the tested range exhibited more pronounced signal attenuation, as predicted.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates the feasibility of using low-frequency RF signal attenuation for accurate precipitation estimation.
The developed high-precision setup overcomes previous measurement challenges at frequencies under 10 GHz.
This innovative approach offers potential for improved weather monitoring and climate change adaptation strategies.