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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes
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Modulation of Monocyte Effector Functions and Gene Expression by Human Cytomegalovirus Infection.

Matthew S Planchon1,2, Jay A Fishman3, Joseph El Khoury1,3

  • 1Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.

Viruses
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection significantly impairs monocyte immune functions, affecting pathogen defense and immune responses. Understanding these CMV-induced monocyte disruptions is vital for managing infections in vulnerable patients.

Keywords:
antigen presentationchemotaxiscytokine productioncytomegalovirusimmunocompromisedmigrationmonocytephagocytosisreactive oxygen speciestissue repair

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Monocytes are essential innate immune cells.
  • Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread β-herpesvirus.
  • CMV infection profoundly impacts host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the effects of CMV on monocyte functions.
  • To understand how CMV modulates monocyte gene expression.
  • To highlight the clinical implications of CMV-induced monocyte dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of monocyte effector functions (phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, migration).
  • Gene expression profiling in CMV-infected monocytes.
  • Assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Main Results:

  • CMV disrupts monocyte phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
  • Increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by CMV-infected monocytes.
  • Altered monocyte migration patterns, aiding viral dissemination.
  • CMV affects ROS production, contributing to end-organ disease.

Conclusions:

  • CMV infection severely compromises critical monocyte functions, impacting immunity and promoting viral persistence.
  • These disruptions exacerbate risks in immunocompromised individuals, including transplant recipients.
  • Targeting CMV-induced monocyte modulation may offer therapeutic benefits for vulnerable populations.